Tuesday, January 24, 2012

Research Proposal - Domestic Violence and Children


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MARSHALL UNIVERSITY SOCIAL WORK DEPARTMENT

DR. SHAWN KING, PhD, SOCIAL WORK 340

BSW PROGRAM

RESEARCH PAPER

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of

SWK 340 – Research Proposal

Angela Davis

Fall 2011

Date Submitted: September 29, 2011

INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH PROPOSAL

This research proposal will explore domestic abuse in households in West Virginia and the influence and the affects it has on the children whom live in those homes in West Virginia.   This research will address the question whether or not the trauma is more or less intense if both parents in the home are the child/children’s biological parents or if one of the adults in the house is a step-parent, and is that child treated worse because of the abuse and the fact that he or she is not the abusers biological child. The other issue addressed will be what type of help can be provided to those children to help them in their future live and to become productive citizens in the community and prevent them from any future suffering from what they witnessed and the aggression and anxiety they must feel due to the situation they were in and how they were victimized by the abuse, either physically or emotionally.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Foulkrod and Davenport (2010) in their empirical data found children who were currently living in homes where domestic abuse is prominent.   They performed this examination through “play therapy”.   They have worked with many children who were having issues with aggression and oppositional issues by using play therapy.   In the article Foulkrod and Davenport define Play Therapy as “the systematic use of a theoretical model to establish an interpersonal process wherein trained play therapists use the therapeutic powers of play to help clients prevent or resolve psychosocial difficulties and achieve optional grown and development”. Foulkrod & Davenport 2010, p. 145.   Play therapy gives the child the ability to express their feelings and make them feel as though they are being heard by someone of power who understands what they are feeling and has that individual also has the ability to give them resolution to their problems.
Once the researchers confirmed their study they targeted children who were presenting with problems with aggression and oppositional behaviors.   Although it is a problem for the children to externalize their feelings at this time, it is even more dangerous for them to internalize those feeling later in life and possibly be at risk for those same problems to return to the surface causing the individual to have more serious problems when they are older.   With this is in mind the researchers felt it was more important for the children to gain assistance at a young age rather than to wait until later when the problem could be much worse.   With all this information in mind it is impertinent that the therapeutic interventions are very important for those children with extreme behavior problems.

The researchers agree with Campbell, Olson, Bates, Sandy, and Lanthier. (2000),   regarding the factors linking to child’s aggressive and oppositional behaviors being discussed by separating the issues into different categories, (i.e., family, environment and that child’s variables). However, the researcher states the different categories cannot be completely separated due to the fact that each of those categories have a direct link to the child and therefore, the participant should be able to address each category without feeling as though they are separate topics, because sometimes in their mind they are all one big problem and they feel it has to all be addressed.

Spatz, (1989) discovered that the total instances of violent crimes and/or domestic violence has been viewed as the most common form of abuse.   In a United States Department survey performed in (1980) their statistics show domestic violence is currently in almost 13% of all marriages in the United States and of the 13% reported, there is an estimated 1.2 million occurrences of violence among relatives.   An even more disturbing statistic is that in the most recent survey 1,200 children died in 1986 as result of the abuse and neglect occurring in their household.   And, there are 1.4 to 2.3 million children have been beaten up by their parent at some time during their childhood.   The problem is the mental, emotional and physical injuries those children sustain are not something that is easily remedied.
    
In the referenced article they found children learn behavior, at least by imitating their parents actions, and, when they see multiple acts of abuse and violence they learn to be aggressive and watching their parents and the aggressive behavior they exhibit in front of him.
The researcher noted children who were exposed to multiple acts of violence seem to be less flexible and are resourceful in their reasoning of situations.   Sometimes these problems are associated with other students at their school and their work.   Spatz also noted there could possibly be a link between the physical abuse a child witnessed in their earlier life and those acts could result in the child developing aggressive behaviors and they even may accept aggression as a norm when it is in close proximity to their daily lives and relationships. The data obtained in the study suggested that a child who is victimized with such experiences suffer from a variety of aggressive and violent behavior problems.   While performing the study researchers noted that the participants had elevated levels of aggression and externalizing problems, especially in maltreated or physically abused children, Dodge, K., Bates, J., and Pettit, G. 1990.   During play with peers the child participants exhibited higher ratings of aggression, fighting, meanness and antisocial behaviors and when the children were with adults such as a parent or teacher the participants exhibited higher aggression and externalizing scale.   Researchers found that physically abused children have been found to have more difficulty with discipline while at school than the participants who were victims of neglect and emotional abuse, but, the participants who have been physically abused were found to be more prominent to disruptive behavior disorders.
In a study conducted by Holt, (2008) her research found that child victims of domestic violence are at a higher risk to experience different forms of behaviors and psychological problems including, but not limited to, emotional, physical and sexual abuse, and possibly developing emotional and behavioral problems with increased instances of domestic violence within their home and the impact of the violence continues even after the child is no longer living within the domestic violent situation.   Holt also found that the children who had witnessed the abuse where more apt to have a very strong attachment to their mother.

In a study conducted by Rhodes, the researchers spoke with the parents of the children who had been affected by the domestic violence.   The statements made by the parents were very conflicting.   They felt the children not only inhibited them from leaving the abusive relationship and the effects the violence had on them they still felt the need to stay and keep their family together as a unit.   They also indicated the main reason they did not seek assistive services that they feared the possibility of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHR) would become involved and they would risk loss of their children.   Rhodes (2010) stated they would need to do additional research to be able to understand why mothers are having such a problem with regard to the wellbeing of their children and the abusive situation they are in and the effects that abuse is having on their children.
I will now be focusing on what needs to be done to assist these children with their anger and aggression.   In a study performed by Willis, D., Grace, P.J., and Roy C. (2010), via focus groups and used adults who were victims of domestic violence, but, also used the children in the focus group as well.   Willis’ main question while doing this study was to find out what form of help the children and adults were receiving post victimization and to get the information regarding the adult and child victims in their household.

      What Willis found was the frequency and severity of domestic violence and the fact that a great deal of children who live in homes with domestic violence are witnesses to the violence and/or the abuse whether it be physical or emotional.   The focus group also revealed that the children who are witnesses to the domestic violence in their household range from 3.3 million and can increase up to 10 million.   Of those children who have witnessed the violence most were younger than 6 years of age and approximately 17% of the children were 12 to 17 years of age.   Willis also found that children who grew up in violent homes learn about violence in interpersonal relationships and some of those children even viewed the violence as a part of love.

While doing this study the researcher had the ability to have the children function adequately despite their considerable adversity and he felt intervention would be helpful for both the adults and children in each situation.   He proposed that the children engage in complex interplay and through parent-child psychotherapy.   During his observation of the interventions found that the individual interventions with the younger children would focus on play while the older children would focus more on cognitive restructuring, problem solving, safety planning and violence education.   At the conclusion of the study both the adults and the adolescent children were asked what type of programs would be helpful and they said they felt it would be very helpful for the children to have more counselors at the school who are equipped to work with children who have witnessed domestic violence.
In conclusion, although it is very upsetting that any child should have to endure any form of domestic abuse, physical or emotional abuse in their lifetime, it is just as upsetting that the children in those situations are not getting the assistance they need to have better lives as they become adults.

References

Davenport, B. R., & Bourgeois, N. M. (2008). “Play, aggression, the preschool child, and the
      family: A review of literature to guide empirically-informed play therapy with aggressive
      preschool children.” International Journal of Play Therapy, 17, 2–23.
Dodge KA, Bates JE, Pettit GS. (1990) “The Effects of Family and Community Violence on
      Children.   Mechanisms in the cycle of violence.” Science 250:1678–83.
Foulkrod, K. Brackenridge Hospital, Austin, Texas and Davenport, B., St. Mary’s University (2010).   “International Journal of Play Therapy: An Examination of Empirically Informed Practice Within Case Reports of Play Therapy with Aggressive and Oppositional Children.” International Journal of Play Therapy, 19, (3), pp. 144-158.
Holt, S.,   Buckleu, H, Whelan & Whelan, Sadhbh, Children's Research Centre, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, School of Social Work & Social Policy, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, Children's Research Centre, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. (Aug, 2008). “The impact of exposure to domestic violence on children and young people: A review of the literature.” Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(8), pp. 797-810.
Rhodes, Karin, Cerulli, Catherine, Dichter, Melissa, Kothari, Catherine & Barg, Frances. (April,
      2010). I Didn’t Want to Put Them Through That”: The Influence of Children on Victim Decision-making in Intimate Partner Violence Cases. Springer Science Business Media.
Spatz, K., (1989). “Does Violence Beget Violence? A Critical Examination of the Literature.” American Psychological Association, Inc., Psychological Bulletin 106, pp.13-28.
Willis, D. G., Grace, P. J., & Roy, C. (2010). “Children who Witness Violence: What Services
      Do they Need to Heal?”   Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 31:552–560.


Research Proposal - By-Election in Bangladesh

 
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 By-Election in Bangladesh

1.0. Abstract
This research is to assess the effectiveness and usefulness of EVA which is considered as a valuable tool for choosing among alternative financial investments in the modern world of business that can protect against shareholder’s value destruction. The aim is to know the various benefits an organization can derived from the utilization of Economic Value Added.
In line with this, the research aim is also to know the approaches and assumptions of EVA, to determine how effective EVA is in protecting the shareholders’ value.
2.0.Problem Statement
In order that the above mentioned objectives of this research can be achieved, the researcher will employ a normative survey wherein, formulated questionnaires will be filled out by the chosen respondents. The gathered data will be treated by getting the frequencies and after which, it will be analyzed and presented.
1. What are the advantages of EVA system in an organization?
2. What are the critics of EVA System?
3.0.Research Aims

3.1. Research objectives
The researcher of this proposal will be guided by the following objectives which particularly aim to:
  1. To know the advantages of EVA for an organization.
  2. To know the critics of EVA
4.0. Literature Review
Here I will see some literatures and find out the lacking point. From the definition of EVA it can be clearly identified that the main components of EVA are net operating profit after tax (NOPAT) and capital charge of an organization. But the actual calculation of EVA is somewhat complicated, as it requires a number of decisions about:
1. How to properly measure net operating profit after taxes;
2. How to measure capital; and
3. How to determine cost of capital.
5.0. Benefits of the study  
This is because this research proposal will show the different benefits that can be attained in the implementation of EVA system. Moreover, the fears of the businessmen on the perceived disadvantages in the implementation of EVA will be erased through this research as solutions for such disadvantages are to be presented in this research.

6.0. METHODOLOGY
For the purpose of obtaining necessary information, the researcher will employ the descriptive research design. To gather the information about the present existing condition the descriptive method of research must be utilized.
Here the utilization of the descriptive research method in this study is appropriate because the researcher aims to gather first hand information that will give proper description, presentation, analysis and interpretation of the present nature, composition of processes of the situation.
With this research design, the primary data needed in will be derived from the answers of the respondents of the survey through the formulated questionnaires.  
Therefore, a comparative survey of the descriptive research design will be employed. In this kind of survey, the results gathered from the answers of the different respondents will have to be compared. Such comparison will enable the researcher to assess the benefits and the effectiveness of the implementation of EVA system in increasing competitiveness in terms of evaluation the performance of the business organization.
  6.1. DATA COLLECTION
Twenty business organizations of Bangladesh (including ten listed banks and ten manufacturing organization) that are using economic value addition in their business evaluation and presenting a value added statement, will be selected randomly by the researcher and the twenty business organization will be having 2 representatives each with the inclusion criteria of: a) must be the managers of the organization; and b) must be involve in the management team for at least 3 years.
 
In order that this research will be able to gather necessary and relevant data, a normative survey method of data collection will be utilized. In this regard, representatives from the business sector will be asked to fill up the formulated questionnaire. The data gathered in the course of this research will be subjected to analysis. Therefore, in order to provide a comprehensive analysis of the results of this study, the descriptive and comparative approaches will be utilized in analyzing the results.
  7.0. WORK PLAN
This research will be guided by a specific time table to ensure that the data needed to answer the problems and address the objectives of the study will be gathered and collected just in time. The activities will be done according to the following time period
 
8.0. PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
 
This research study will be consists of 5 chapters. The presentation of the background of the study, the objectives, research problems and the importance of conducting the study will form part of the first chapter. On the other hand, the second chapter will be comprised of the review of related literature with relation to the published documents on economic value addition in business operations. Also, it will contain information gathered in previous studies conducted in relation to the topic. Moreover, the description of the participants, sampling technique and the research instruments utilized in the study will be discussed in chapter 3 of the research. Chapter 4 will primarily focused on the presentation and analysis of the data gathered and finally, chapter 5 will summarize the presentation analysis of the data made in chapter 4.
9.0. Budget
In this research, the researcher will be responsible for the expected expenditures in conducting this study. His expected expenditures will be as follows in the different activities:
10.0. Limitations
There were certain limitations regarding the study that is summarized below:
 
• The main hindrance behind preparing this report is time. So, it is not possible to go through in depth within this short span of time.
• Deficiencies in data required for the study. It will not cover most recent data.
• Confidentiality of Data- Information regarding the actual performance and position as it is related to the company’s reputation and financial stability that’s why it is quite hard to go through the information.
• I carried out such a study for the first time, so in experience is one of the main constraints of the study.
11.0. Appendices :
Appendix-1: Questionnaire
Interview schedule used for data collection in the selected organizations :
Questionnaire for the respondents:
1. Name of the organization…
2. Type of the organization………………………………………
3. Employee Status: …………………………………………………
4.   Do your organization consider the total capita employed?                                    
                                      A. Yes     B. No
6. What method you use to measure EVA? Please mention
                            ……………………………………………………..
7. What is the formula of calculating EVA?
                            …………………………………………………

Appendix-2
Bibliography:

Dierks, P.A., and A. Patel. 1997. What is EVA and how can it help your company? Management Accountant (November):52-58.
Dodd, J.L. and S. Chen. 1996. EVA: A New Panacea? Business and Economic Review (July-September): 26-28

Research Proposal - Religion's Effect on Constitution

 
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Religion's Effect on Constitution

Doğukan Güzel
Research Question:   To what extent do countries adopt religious teachings on their constitutional law?

Literature Review and Alternative Explanation:

      National constitutions shape civil, political rights and freedom of citizens.   Davenport (1996), studies about how constitutions’ of states provide political repression on people.   Constitution is also important because it influences governments’ behaviors towards citizens.   He mentions other researchers’ arguments about the relevance of political repression and national constitutions.   They claim that constitution is the source that decides what are the civil rights and liberties that people have. The second argument is the constitution gives information about what a government can apply repressive behavior and limit civil rights of people during the emergency.   Other than this, some researchers believe that government’s attitude to people and communicate with the society is provided by the constitution’s “guiding principles” while other researchers supports that constitution is just the things written on the paper.   Therefore, governments implement civil rights and freedom on the citizens as they wish.   There are many examples of it.   Then Davenport (1996) argues that some constitutions have degrees about civil rights and liberties, and then in this case governments are not likely to violate these rights. Oppositely, some constitutions do not have degree about civil rights and governments might tend to use political repression.

      If the civil rights mentioned in the constitution like freedom of speech, press, expression and unionization, then according to researcher governments can have two attitudes. First, the government tries to follow and protect these values and there will be lower repression. This is “constitutional promise”. Second, the government is very sensitive about these values and use political repression for they are more threatened by them. This is “constitutional threat”. (Davenport 1996)

      Before the author starts his own research, he mentions others’ surveys.   They are simply searched about the importance and effect of the constitution on government and protecting civil rights and liberties.   Then the author investigates relationship between constitutional structure and repressive behavior.   As a result he found that freedom of press and freedom of expression are the most likely restricted.   (Davenport 1996)

      I conclude from this article that if national constitutions specify the civil rights and liberties like freedom of press, expression, mention of states of emergency and so on, the government use less repressive attitude when there is a problem because governments try to behave in the territories of the constitution.   According to my opinion, Davenport (1996) did not use enough indicators. As he mentioned in the further research part there are many things that researchers should consider. Therefore, I will focus on how religion, religious teachings and religious freedom influence constitutions of the countries in this paper.

      For Islam, it is not easy to adopt Western law because of its historical background.   There is a debate about how Muslim Middle East countries pass to the secularization and modernization with the religion and religious law between researchers.   According to Meyer (1987) countries should get rid of Islamic institutions and laws and adopt Western institutions and laws.   However, traditional Islamic idea does not allow that and this is a very important obstacle for reforms and development programs in those countries.   Secularism idea is adopted by educated elites and technocrats, but ordinary citizens continue to traditional form of Islam.   Actually, in my opinion the reason of that situation is the religious teachings in the constitution of those countries lead these kinds of attitudes, so people have that ideology in their mind. (I remind Davenport’s article for this opinion.) In Islamic countries the idea of traditional Islam influences politics and leaders.   Meyer (1987) gives an example from Iran. Iran made an article about respecting other sects’ religious differences and allow them to imply their law in certain issues like marriage, divorcing.   Meyer (1987) considers that tolerance sign in Iran but I think this is not about religious freedom. With that article Iran decides how people live their religion and it arranges people’s attitudes in some sense. Therefore, it’s not about tolerance.   There are some other states that adopt religious teachings in their constitution like Sudan, Pakistan and Libya. And we can think that Turkey does not adopt these and works for secularization.   In my research proposal I might compare this kind of countries levels of individual freedom and liberties.

      To compare those countries I will use “freedom house index”.   After I look at this cite I observe that countries who adopt some religious teachings in their constitution can block other religions’ activities and that is also limits civil rights and liberties in those countries.

Hypothesis:

      Countries which adopt religious teachings in their constitutions decrease people’s level of individual liberties and freedom.

BIBLIOGRAPY:

Davenport, A. Christian. 1996. "Constitutional Promises" and Repressive Reality: A Cross-National Time- Series Investigation of Why Political and Civil Liberties are Suppressed. The Journal of Politics 15 (3): 627-654

Mayer , Ann Elizabeth. 1987. Law and Religion in the Muslim Middle East. The American Journal of Comparative Law 35 (1): 127-184

http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=70&release=359 civil rights and liberty ratings in some countries.

http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=70&release=116 Belarus

http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=276 freedom in the world

http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=70&release=752 about Kazakhstan